Biodiversity conservation is a prerequisite for the sustainable development of ecosystems. The evaluation on effectiveness of biodiversity conservation serves as the foundation in the realm of biodiversity supervision and management. Scientific and effective evaluation can not only provide insights into the status and trends of biodiversity conservation, but also remarkably enhance the level of biodiversity conservation and management, as well as contribute to the improvement of regional ecological environments. In general, recent studies on the evaluation of conservation effectiveness have mainly focused on assessing the status and changes of research objects such as protected areas, ecological environments, and biodiversity. The focus of the index system has gradually switched from management effectiveness to conservation effectiveness. Methodologies have covered global, regional, national, and individual scales. This evolution in approach reflects a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in biodiversity conservation and underscores the importance of measuring tangible conservation successes. Despite advancements in index system and methodologies, there remains a notable challenge in developing a unified index system and standardized evaluation methods for assessing biodiversity conservation effectiveness. This lack of standardization has resulted in poor comparability of assessment results among various regions and posed obstacles for carrying out comprehensive multi-scale integrated assessments. Overcoming these challenges requires concerted efforts in refining evaluation frameworks, establishing common metrics, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders. In recent years, China has established a national biodiversity monitoring network and database, and has applied new technologies (such as remote sensing, environmental genomics, etc.). These applications have revolutionized our understanding of genetic diversity within ecosystems, offering valuable insights into population dynamics, species interactions, and evolutionary processes. Furthermore, these advancements have provided accessible data and information for quantifying conservation effectiveness evaluations at multiple levels, from macro-ecosystems to micro-genes. Accordingly, we proposed that China should conscientiously sum up its experience in studying theories and methodologies of global biodiversity conservation effectiveness evaluation. China should also strengthen the construction of a national biodiversity monitoring network, develop an area-specific integrated and interdisciplinary index system for conservation effectiveness evaluation. Regular integrated evaluation of the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation is essential for tracking progress, identifying challenges, and informing adaptive management strategies. It also helps to comprehensively understand the current status and development trends of biodiversity conservation in China. These can provide support and services for biodiversity conservation and management decisions, as well as data and technical support for China's implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.