Protected agriculture can break through the constraints of resources and continuously improve the yield per unit area, which has become one of the important patterns of modern agriculture. Simultaneously, its characteristics of high pollution and emissions bring challenges to the sustainable utilization of water and land resources. Previous studies rarely studied the scale effects of protected vegetable production on agricultural water and land resources, and limited studies mostly focused on the quantity of a single resource or non-point source pollution, lacking overall consideration of water and land resources system. It is of great significance to explore the intensity of water and land resources consumption and coupling stress in protected vegetable production for sustainable utilization of agricultural resources. In this study, Shandong province, the largest protected vegetable production base in China, was selected as the case study. It is important for the development of protected vegetable industry in Shandong and even in the whole country to clarify the pressure of water and soil resources and its influencing factors. Considering both the quantity and quality of resources, the water and land resources use efficiency of protected vegetable in 2019 was calculated, and the coupling stress of water and land resources and its influencing factors were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) The mean blue water footprint and mean grey water footprint in Shandong province were 0.08 m³/kg and 0.03 m³/kg, respectively. The layout of protected vegetable was significantly influenced by terrain and the soil quality of protected vegetable has spatial variability. (2) The coupling coordinated subcategory of water and land resources stress in protected vegetable production in Shandong province was the type of slight imbalance, the coupling coordination degree was 0.40, which indicated that there was a common mismatch of water and land resources stress. (3) In addition to resource endowment, agricultural input and socio-economic factors also had significantly influence on the coupling coordination degree of water and land resources stress in protected vegetable production, and the coupling coordination degree of water and land resources stress in protected vegetable production has spatial spillover effect. Developing agricultural science and technology, improving irrigation technology, raising agricultural mechanization level and reducing chemical input were effective measures to promote the level of coupling coordination degree of water and land resources stress. The present study can provide a novel perspective for assessing resource stress comprehensively and provide case reference for the sustainable utilization and management of water and land resources in protected vegetable production.