The theory of the life community of the mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands and deserts and its systematic governance is a guiding principle of China's ecological civilization construction. The hilly and low mountainous region of southern China is an important part of China's "Three Eco-zones and Four Shelterbelts" national ecological security strategy. Although there have been many explorations of ecological restoration theories and practices in this area, the complex interactions between different ecosystems are often neglected, limiting the overall improvement of the governance effect. To break through this bottleneck, a more systematic and comprehensive governance strategy is urgently needed to address the unique ecological challenges of the region. The project, titled "Technology and Demonstration of Comprehensive Management of Mountains, Rivers, Forests, Farmlands, Lakes, Grasslands and Deserts in the Hilly and Low Mountainous Region of Southern China" (2022YFF1303000) is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program, specifically the "Restoration and Protection of Typical Vulnerable Ecosystems" initiative. This project relies on ecological stations, long-term research bases, and research demonstration areas from the "13th Five-Year Plan," integrating multi-source data. It identifies the spatial and temporal distribution patterns and functional evolution mechanisms of ecosystems in the hilly and low mountainous region of southern China. It diagnoses the degree of degradation and driving factors. It focus in on clarifying the multi-element and multi-process coupling mechanisms of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands and deserts in these regions, and quantifying the trade-offs and synergies among various ecosystem services. It prioritizes the development of technologies for soil and water conservation and ecosystem service co-enhancement, with a focus on orchards, low-quality and low-efficiency forests, as well as slopes, gullies, roads, and channels. It reveals the impact of key socio-ecological processes on ecosystem functions and governance needs. At the level of small watersheds, watersheds, and regions, it proposes multi-objective and multi-functional coordinated systematic governance solutions for the mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, and deserts. Integrated demonstration projects will be conducted in typical small watersheds such as those around Chaohu Lake, Poyang Lake, and Dongting Lake. The project will promote ecological construction and socio-economic sustainable development in the hilly and low mountainous region of southern China. It aims to provide technical support and decision-making assistance for the systematic governance of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, and deserts in these areas, which is of great significance to promoting ecosystem protection and restoration in this region, as well as harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature.