The Qilian Mountains is a typical fragile ecosystem area, and it is also an important ecological barrier area in China. This region is rich in species resources, with a wide variety of rare and endangered wildlife. It is one of the important biological resource gene banks in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and has important significance in biodiversity conservation in China. In order to understand the distribution of wild mammals in the Qilian Mountains of Qinghai Province, we used the line transect method and sample point method for field investigations. From January 2019 to June 2023, we conducted 21 times field investigations in this region. A total of 490 survey lines and 99 sample points have been completed, with a total travel path of approximately 25426 km. According to the field investigations results and literature records, there are a total of 75 wild mammal species in Qilian Mountains of Qinghai Province, belonging to 7 orders, 19 families, 54 genera. Among these species, the highest number is found in Rodentia, followed by Carnivora and Cetartiodactyla. There are 11 species belong to national level I key protected wild mammals and 17 species belong to national level II key protected wild mammals. According to the IUCN, there are 15 threatened species (EN 3 species; NT 5 species; VU 7 species), accounting for 20% of total mammal's species. According to the China's Red List of Biodiversity, there are 40 threatened species (CR, 2 species; EN, 12 species; NT, 16 species; VU, 10 species), accounting for 53.33% of the total species of local mammals. According to CITES, there are 7 species of mammals listed in Appendix I, 9 species listed in Appendix II and 5 species listed in Appendix III. There are 16 mammal species endemic to China, accounting for 21.33% of total mammals species. The distribution types of mammals in the Qilian Mountains of Qinghai Province are mainly highland type (24%), central Asian type (20%), and Palearctic (18.67%). The G-F index is 0.724, indicating that the Qilian Mountains of Qinghai Province has a high level of species diversity, with many rare and endangered species. The establishment of a species list provides scientific and comprehensive data for the current status study of mammal species in the Qilian Mountains of Qinghai Province. It is of great significance for accelerating the protection of rare and endangered wildlife in the Qilian Mountains. It also provides scientific basis for future ecological and wildlife protection and management decisions in the region.