The aim of this study was to explore and discover the spatial distribution characteristics of forest aboveground carbon storage in the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. This study also intended to carefully explore influencing factors that determine the aboveground carbon storage of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests. Furthermore, our study could also provide a theoretical basis for understanding the carbon sink function of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in this region. The investigated forest data and environmental factors data of this study were from a 20-hectare forest fixed plot in the subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest in Dinghushan National Nature Reserve, which is located in Guangdong Province. By dividing the whole forest community into dominant and non-dominant species based on the relative abundance of species, this study focused on studying the spatial distribution of aboveground carbon storage in Dinghushan. Further examination of the influence pathway and effects of biotic and abiotic factors was conducted later. The data analysis methods include univariate linear regression analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). The obtained results were arranged in numerical order as follows: 1) Dominant species contributed considerably more forest aboveground carbon storage compared to non-dominant species in the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Dinghushan (1533.85 Mg, 74.72%). In addition, large-diameter species contributed a large number of forest aboveground carbon storage in this area (1389.68 Mg, 67.69%). The spatial distribution of aboveground carbon storage for dominant species (CV=0.635) was more evenly distributed compared to non-dominant species (CV=0.690) in the Dinghushan plot. 2) In the biotic factors, both dominant species and overall aboveground carbon storage showed a negative correlation with species diversity, while non-dominant species showed a positive correlation with species diversity. 3) Forest aboveground carbon storage of the whole community, dominant species, and non-dominant species were all significantly positively correlated with structural diversity. However, the impact of structural diversity on aboveground carbon storage of non-dominant species was higher than that of dominant species. 4) When it comes to abiotic factors, soil fertility, and topographic roughness were positively correlated with forest aboveground carbon storage in the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest of Dinghushan plot. In conclusion, we believe that increasing species diversity of non-dominant species can increase forest aboveground carbon storage in the subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest in the Dinghushan plot. Additionally, improving soil nutrient conditions can also help to enhance the carbon sequestration function of the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest and other types of forests.