The study of the dynamic evolution and utilization transition of sloping farmland in mountainous areas has guiding significance for food security and sustainable agricultural development in Southwest China. Taking Caotangxi Basin in the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir area as the research object, the evolution and driving mechanism of sloping farmland were analyzed by using ArcGIS 10.2 software, and combining with Fragstats, land use transfer matrix, and other technical means. The results show that: (1) Compared with 1965, the area of sloping farmland in 2020 decreased by 8004.7 hm², with the overall dynamic degree of 7.21%. With the development of social economy, the change of slope cultivated land area has become more active. The area of sloping farmland increased first, and then decreased with the increasing elevation class and slope class, and decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the settlement. (2) The largest patch index (LPI), mean patch size (MPS), and aggregation index (AI) of sloping farmland showed a decreasing trend, while the mean nearest neighbor distance (MNN) increased continuously. In regions with poor geographic conditions, sloping cropland decreased and patches were gradually fragmented. In areas with better geographic conditions, the slope farmland has high agglomeration and large area. (3) Sloping farmland was mainly transferred to forest land, garden land, grassland, settlements, and abandoned land. The transfer area of slope farmland to forest land was 4426.85 hm², and the transfer area to garden land was 3810.33 hm². In the area of low elevation, slope and close to the settlement, the sloping farmland was mainly transferred to orchards, and in the area of high elevation, slope and farther from the settlement, the sloping farmland was mainly transferred to forest and grassland. The production function of sloping farmland was mainly converted to ecological economic functions and ecological functions, and partially converted to living functions. (4) In different topographic gradients, the dynamic evolution and utilization transformation of sloping farmland in mountainous areas could be summarized into three modes: ecological-economic model, abandoned model, and ecological model. Its evolution was mainly affected by a combination of natural, scio-economic, and policy. This paper reveals the dynamic evolution and transformation characteristics of sloping farmland in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area over the past 50 years, which has certain academic value. The results of the study are instructive for the utilization of rural land in the mountainous areas, the sustainable development of the countryside, and the improvement of human-land relations.