Deinanthe caerulea Stapf. is a rare plant endemic to China that has long been neglected by researchers due to its narrow distribution area and scarce population, and the reasons for its endangerment are still unclear. This study investigated the endangerment mechanism of Deinanthe caerulea from the perspectives of its life history and genetic diversity. The entire life history of Deinanthe caerulea was investigated by field surveys, artificial pollination experiments, seed germination experiments, and other methods to study external disturbances in its life history, including flowering, pollination, fruiting, seed germination physiology, seedling renewal, and nutrient growth, as well as exploring its genetic diversity at the molecular level and evaluating the level of genetic diversity of Deinanthe caerulea. to find out the key links and factors that lead to the endangerment of Deinanthe caerulea, and to reveal the mechanism of Deinanthe caerulea endangeredness. This study also investigates the genetic diversity of Deinanthe caerulea at the molecular level, find out the key links and key factors that lead to its endangerment and the mechanism of its action, and reveal the mechanism of Deinanthe caerulea's endangerment, so as to provide a theoretical basis and scientific guidance for the conservation and restoration of Deinanthe caerulea. The results of the study on the endangerment factors of Deinanthe caerulea are as follows: ① The genetic diversity of Deinanthe caerulea is low, and the Shannon's diversity index and Nei's gene diversity index of Deinanthe caerulea are 0.190 and 0.123, respectively. The inter-population gene flow Nm was only 0.403, and the gene flow between populations was small. ② Deinanthe caerulea is insect-pollinated, outbreeding, self-compatibility, and there is some pollen limitation in the pollination process of Deinanthe caerulea. ③ Deinanthe caerulea seeds existed 30.26% abortion rate, resulting in the loss of certain effective viable seeds, its seed germination conditions are extremely harsh, only in the appropriate conditions (25 ℃/15 ℃, light intensity of 3000lx) germination rate can reach 68.89%, seedling survival was only 12.56%, and the population showed a high seedling mortality rate. Anthropogenic disturbance is the most important cause of Deinanthe caerulea's endangerment, leading to habitat loss, fragmentation, and geographic isolation, coupled with its pollination affinity, resulting in the blockage of gene flow and the decline of genetic diversity in the population. This is compounded by the fact that Deinanthe caerulea continues to experience high levels of depletion throughout its life history due to reproductive barriers and growth constraints, exacerbating the degree of its endangerment.