The growth of plantations in semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau is significantly affected by water and temperature. The slope aspect, as an important site factor, plays a decisive role in the redistribution of water and heat conditions. In this study, dendrodological methods were used to determine the annual tree ring width of dominant Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii plantations in shady slope, semi-shady slope and sunny slope in Diediegou small watershed of Liupan Mountain from 1995 to 2020. Tree ring width Standard chronology (STD) and Residual chronology (RES) were established to analyze the growth characteristics of the dominant Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii and its sensitivity to climate response. The results showed that: (1) the chronology quality of Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii in each slope direction was the best on the shady slope and the worst on the sunny slope. (2) The trees on the shady slope were significantly inhibited by the maximum temperature and the minimum temperature (June, November of last year and July in the current year), and the trees on the semi-shady slope had a significant negative correlation with the average temperature in July of that year, while the trees on the sunny slope had a low correlation with the average temperature. (3) The trees on different slope directions were significantly positively correlated with precipitation in August of last year, and the response sensitivity of the trees on the sunny slope to precipitation was higher than that of the shady slope and the semi-shady slope. In addition, the relative humidity in July of the same year also promoted the growth of trees on semi-shady slope. (4) The response sensitivity of sunny slope to drought stress was higher than that of shady slope and semi-shady slope and the interpretation rate of tree radial growth by climate factors was the lowest in the shady slope. In conclusion, Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii with different slope directions in the semi-arid area of Liupan Mountain has a high sensitivity to climate response, the sunny slope is mainly affected by precipitation, the shady slope is affected by the maximum and minimum temperature, and the semi-shady slope is jointly regulated by temperature and precipitation. In case of drought events, the decline of radial growth of Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii on the sunny slope was much higher than that on the shady slope and semi-shady slope. The results provide a scientific basis for the protection and sustainable management of Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii plantation on the Loess Plateau.