The frequent occurrence of extreme climate disasters in recent years has caused serious impacts on the food production systems of various countries around the world, and the impact of climate change on the resilience of food production is one of the issues that needs to be further focused on. Thus, this study purposes to reveal the impact mechanism of climate changes on food production resilience based on the panel data of 31 provinces of China from 2000 to 2020, and since analyzing the relationship between climate change and food production. The results show that: first, changes in climate factors, including increases in cumulative temperature and deficit or excess in precipitation, had an inhibitory effect on the resilience of food production. Second, crop diversity played an important moderating role in this relationship, as evidenced by the fact that the increased crop diversity mitigated the negative effect of increased temperature on food production resilience, but the moderating role in the impacts of rainfall on production resilience was not as pronounced. Third, classification regression of major cereal crops showed that the increase in accumulated temperature had a greater impact on the production resilience of cereal crops and a non-significant effect on the production resilience of bean crops and potato crops, while precipitation deficit or excess had a greater impact on the production resilience of cereal and bean crops and a non-significant effect on the production resilience of potato crops. Precipitation difference analyses indicated that precipitation deficit had a greater negative impact on food production resilience, the impact of excess rainfall on the resilience of food production was less pronounced and excess precipitation mitigated the adverse effects of high temperatures. Furthermore, this study indicates that climate change had a negative impact on both main food-producing areas and non-main food-producing areas; however, the moderating role played by crop diversity was stronger in the non-major grand-producing areas than in major grand-producing areas. With a view to ensure the security of food production, capacity to monitor climate hazards should be upgraded to strengthen the adaptive resilience to climate change, and the degree of crop diversification in different food-producing areas should be selected according to the climatic conditions and soil characteristics to give full play to the regional advantages, different food-producing regions should adopt different safeguard measures, and policy favoring and financial investment in the main food-producing regions should be strengthened to provide a reliable guarantee for food security.