The frequent conversion of subtropical forests to the secondary forests and plantations due to increased human disturbance may significantly affect the community structure and ecological functions of soil invertebrates, but the current understanding is inconsistent. Therefore, this study investigated the characteristics of soil invertebrates community structure after subtropical natural evergreen broad-leaved forest was converted to the secondary forest, Castanopsis carlesii plantation and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation in July 2022. A total of 659 soil invertebrates with an abundance of 26540 ind/m² were captured, belonging to 1 phylum, 6 classes, 13 orders and 59 families, among which Formicidae and Hypogastruridae were dominant groups. Forest conversion changed soil invertebrates community composition and diversity. After the conversion from the natural forest to the secondary forest, Castanopsis carlesii plantation and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation, the abundance and taxonomic groups of soil invertebrates significantly decreased, and the abundance of soil macroinvertebrates was more sensitive and decreased significantly by 33.58% and 36.53% in the two forest types, respectively. Although forest conversion had no significant effect on soil invertebrates community diversity, it changed soil invertebrates community composition, and the community composition of natural forest and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation was very different (J < 0.25). Isotomidae was the dominant groups in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation, accounting for 59.84%. Redundancy analysis showed that soil moisture, litter standing crop and litter phosphorus content were main factors affecting soil invertebrates community, and the explanation rate was 69.30%. It is concluded that forest conversion may regulate soil invertebrates community structure by changing soil physicochemical properties and litter quality.