Under the dual objectives of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality, the photovoltaic (PV) industry holds tremendous development potential. It is estimated that PV could contribute to approximately 40% of the total installed energy capacity in the future. The establishment of large-scale PV power stations will inevitably lead to complex and multifaceted impacts on the local ecosystem. Therefore, it is crucial to explore and strike a balance between the development of PV power stations and ecological protection. This study employs a literature review method to propose a multi-scale ecological impact pathway and conceptual framework for PV power, encompassing "micro-local, macro-regional, and global scales." The study systematically examines the external ecological environment impacts of PV power at different stages throughout its life cycle. The analysis identifies the negative externalities predominantly arising from environmental pollution and resource wastage during the production and disposal phases of PV components. Conversely, the positive externalities are highlighted during the operational phase, where PV power contributes to the enhancement of various ecological functions and plays a significant role in global change mitigation. On a micro-local scale, the research focuses on the primary effects of PV power stations on surface temperature, air humidity, local wind speed, soil, and vegetation. These micro-scale impacts are critical as they directly influence the immediate environment surrounding PV installations. At the macro-regional scale, the study delves into the broader impacts and changes brought about by PV power stations on regional ecosystem services. It evaluates the ecological and economic benefits, emphasizing the potential for synergistic development between PV installations and regional ecological protection and restoration efforts. This level of analysis is essential for understanding how regional policies and planning can integrate PV development with ecological conservation strategies. At the global scale, the study emphasizes the significance of PV power in addressing global issues such as climate change and biodiversity. It explores the interplay between ecological impacts and effects across different scales, highlighting the contributions of PV power to global ecological sustainability. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the ecological impacts of PV power across multiple scales. By summarizing the main research and evaluation indicators at each scale, it offers a theoretical basis for the coordinated development of PV power and regional ecology. This multi-scale approach is expected to inform future strategies and policies, ensuring that the expansion of PV power is aligned with ecological preservation and sustainable development goals.