In the context of the comprehensive implementation of the national food security strategy, simultaneous advancement of high-quality economic development and robust protection of the ecological environment, exploring the coupling and coordination relationship between the green transition of farmland use and urban-rural integration development becomes crucial for resolving conflicts among farmland protection, ecological conservation, and economic development. This study, from the perspective of the human-land relationship, dissects the coupling mechanism between green transition of farmland use and urban-rural integration development. By interpreting the connotation of green transition of farmland use and urban-rural integration development, a relevant evaluation index system has been established. Using the 130 prefecture-level cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt as a case study and data from the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, this study employs a coupling coordination model to analyze the spatial-temporal pattern characteristics of the coupling coordination between green transition of farmland use and urban-rural integration development. The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the index of green transition of farmland use in the Yangtze River Economic Belt increased from 0.208 to 0.294, with an increase of 40.802%. The distribution pattern indicated a high concentration in the northeast and a lower level in the southwest. (2) From 2000 to 2020, the index of urban-rural integration development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt increased from 0.465 to 0.492, marking a growth of 5.858%. The distribution pattern revealed a higher concentration in the central and eastern regions and a lower level in the southwest region. (3) From 2000 to 2020, the coupling coordination degree between green transition of farmland use and urban-rural integration development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt increased from 0.556 to 0.612, representing a growth of 11.065%. The distribution pattern indicated a higher degree of coupling coordination in the central and eastern regions and a lower level in the western region. The type of coupling coordination changed from basic coordination to moderate coordination. The degrees of coupling coordination among the subsystems exhibited notable variations. Specifically, within the subsystems related to green transition of farmland use, the coupling coordination degree between model transition and urban-rural integration development was comparatively lower. Within the subsystems of urban-rural integration development, the coupling coordination degrees of population integration, spatial integration, and green transition of farmland use were relatively lower. (4) The model transition in green transition of farmland use, population integration and spatial integration in urban-rural integration development are the issues are pivotal issues demanding focused attention in the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The research findings can provide valuable insights for the optimal utilization of farmland resources, ecological conservation, and urban-rural integration development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.