In recent years, the impact of human activities on ecosystems has become increasingly evident worldwide. One of the most notable factors is urbanization, which significantly disrupts natural systems. The rapid expansion of urban areas and vegetation management practices in cities has driven the urbanization process. This has accompanied by changes in vegetation, has had a profound influence on urban soil biodiversity. Nevertheless, collembolans are the dominant groups and serve as excellent indicators of environmental changes in urban greenspaces. The changes in community structure and functional traits of collembolans imply the effects of environmental changes on soil ecological functions. In this study, we collected soil samples from four types of human interventional greenspaces, named park greenspace, median green strips on both sides of the road, residential greenspace, and industrial greenspace, in urban-suburban areas, and eight forest plots were selected as the biological pool for local collembolans. The study aimed to investigate the effects of urbanization and greenspace type on community composition and functional traits of collembolans. The results of the study showed that: (1) there were significant differences in the community composition and structure of collembolans among different greenspace types. In the forest, the Isotomidae exhibited the highest abundance, whereas the dominant taxa in the other greenspace types were the Entomobryidae. The study demonstrated that both urbanization and greenspace types had a significant impact on the taxonomic diversity of collembolans. Specifically, the Shannon index of collembolans in urban parks was significantly lower compared to suburban parks. On the other hand, the Shannon index in urban residential areas was significantly higher than that in suburban residential areas. In urban habitats, the Pielou evenness index of collembolans in residential areas and median green strips was significantly higher than that in parks. Regarding suburban areas, the study found that both richness and the Shannon index of collembolans in parks were significantly higher than those in forests. (2) Additionally, the study revealed that the type of greenspaces had a stronger effect on the functional traits of collembolans compared to urbanization. For example, in the greenspaces with strong human disturbance, such as parks, median green strips, and residential areas, epedaphic collembolans with well-developed furca, longer relative legs and patterned pigmentation were dominant, while in the forest, euedaphic collembolans with absent furca, shorter relative legs, and white pigmentation were the most abundant. (3) The physicochemical properties of soil played an important role in the structure of the collembolan community. There was a strong correlation between the abundance of the family of collembolans and soil pH. The results provided certain data support and a theoretical basis for the environmental driving mechanism of urban soil fauna diversity and urban biodiversity conservation.