Wildlife damage compensation is one of the measures to mitigate conflict between human and wildlife. It intends not only to reduce economic losses caused by wildlife damage, but also to change local residents' negative attitude and improve their tolerance towards causing wildlife. Taking Sichuan Wolong National Nature Reserve as case study, we compared the local residents' attitudes towards causing wildlife at present and after hypothesized compensation, and then explored the significant influencing factors and underlying mechanism. Wilcoxon rank sum test and binary logistic regression model were used to compare attitude changes and identify the significant influencing factors, respectively. Local residents' attitude towards causing wildlife was divided into two dimensions, i.e. affection dimension and behavior dimension. The results showed that wildlife damage compensation could significantly change local residents' attitudes towards causing wildlife, and positive changes have taken place. But compensation effects on different dimensions of attitude changes were different, specifically, affection attitude changed the most and changed from negative attitude to positive attitude. Experience of wildlife damage could significantly reduce the positive attitude of local residents towards the causing wildlife. The higher the farming income, or the greater the proportion of farming income in total income, the more likely the negative attitude to expect increasing wildlife quantity, protect and hunt causing wildlife. The educated residents had a higher probability to dislike wildlife. In the case of attitude changes, the respondents who owned more total area of farmland, cornfield, and livestock number had lower probability to change affection attitude. The respondents who experienced greater corn loss had lower probability to change behavior attitude. Base on research results above, some measures were put forward to alleviate conflict between human and wildlife including popularizing compensation from animal damaging among local residents, adapting compensation to local acceptance, adjusting local livelihood strategy and planting structure, and improving local residents' affection and responsibility to causing wildlife.