It is of great theoretical and practical significance to clarify the value cognition of cultural ecosystem services (CES) by different stakeholders for the scientific management of national park ecosystems. Therefore, this study took the system pilot area of Qianjiangyuan National Park as an example and explored the cognition of residents, managers, tourists, and other core interests on CES based on the established CES evaluation index system and 1073 effective questionnaires. Then, the entropy method and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were used to comprehensively evaluate the importance and level of CES in the national park. The results show that: (1) Residents and managers have the highest cognition of the value of ecological improvement services, with a certain convergence. Tourists have the highest cognition of health services (2.44), which is related to the purpose of travel. The CESs with the lowest level of cognition by residents, managers, and tourists include system governance (1.89), folk culture popularization (2.12), and spiritual worship (1.86). (2) The service importance according to the CES cognition by all three types of subjects are ranked in descending order: humanistic care service > nature experience service > social service. Regarding specific indicators, the residents attach the most importance to folk culture popularization service (0.1355), and managers and tourists attach the most importance to spiritual worship service. (3) Regarding the subjects, the evaluation of CES cognition is in the order of managers (4.24) > tourists (4.11) > residents (3.99). Managers and residents act as the important policy makers and benefit recipients, respectively, reflecting the driving role of the interests needs of different policy participants on the evaluation of CES cognition. (4) The tradeoff relationship of CES cognition is mainly reflected in managers. The CES cognition of residents and tourists shows a synergistic relationship. The cognition of managers for ecological improvement and artistic inspiration services shows the strongest synergistic relationship. The cognition of wilderness protection and popular science education services shows the strongest tradeoff relationship. The CES cognition is related to the internal interest needs of different subjects and their own cognitive difficulties. We suggest that managers should strengthen the CES cognition and application in national park landscape planning, fully consider cognition differences of multi-agents and multi-services and weigh the interests and cognitive conflicts. The research results can provide a reference for the scientific management of ecological and cultural resources in national parks and other types of natural protected areas.