The Fabaceae locust plants are significant ecological tree species which play a crucial role in windbreaks, sand fixation, soil improvement, and prevention of soil erosion. Global climate change has been profoundly affecting the growth status and geographical distribution of plants, and predicting the potential suitable habitat of locust plants is helpful to understand the impact of climate change on the geographical distribution pattern of locust plants, and is very important for formulating scientific conservation strategies for locust plants. In order to identify the dominant environmental factors affecting the geographical distribution of three locust trees, and to map the spatial distribution of three locust trees with high precision using ArcGIS, the optimized MaxEnt model was used to predict the effects of Robinia pseudoacacia, Sophora velutina, and Styphnolobium japonicum under current and future climate scenarios (SSP1_2.6; SSP2_4.5, SSP3_7.0, SSP5_8.5) for the 2070s in China. The results indicated that: (1) temperature and precipitation were the dominant factors influencing the geographical distribution of the three locusts, with S. velutina and S. japonicum being the most sensitive to the mean temperature of driest quarter, while isothermality being the most important variable in determining the potential distribution of R. pseudoacacia. (2) Under current climate conditions, S. japonicum had the widest range of potential suitable areas, with a total area of 346.49 ×10⁴ km², R. pseudoacacia had the second largest potential distribution area of 252.4 ×10⁴ km², while S. velutina had the narrowest range of potential suitable areas, with a total area of 77.71 ×10⁴ km²; (3) Under different future climate scenarios, the potential suitable zones of all three species exhibited different degrees of expansion, and mainly toward higher latitudes. In comparison to the current climate, the potential distribution area of R. pseudoacacia in future climate scenarios exhibited a trend of expansion to northeast China and North China. The S. velutina also showed an expansion trend to North China, west Southwest China and a north part of Northeast China. Furthermore, the S. japonicum expanded to Northeast China, North China and Northwest China. This study was the first to map the potential suitable distribution of three locusts in China under current and future climate scenarios, revealing the habitat differences in China, which is of great significance for the germplasm management and habitat protection of locust plants.