In order to protect the ecological environment, it is important to fully know the specific species in the natural reserve system with national parks as the main body, analyze its floristic characteristics and community structure status, which plays an important role in the protection of national park species, especially rare and endangered species. Based on a survey of woody plants in Qianjiangyuan National Park, this study analyzed the species composition, floristic characteristics, species-individual curve analysis and structure characteristics of dbh (diameter in breast height) size classes of different forest vegetation types in detail. We found that the survey covered 313 woody species, the families distributed in the temperate zone were more than those distributed in the tropics (22/35), and the genera distributed in the tropics were slightly less than those distributed in the temperate zone (28/31); there were 7 endemic genera in China. There are 101 endemic species, 10 rare and protected species in China, and 17 near threatened, vulnerable and endangered species on the IUCN Red List. Under the same number sampling level, the species diversity was the highest in the evergreen broad-leaved forest, and the lowest in the fir forest. The distribution of dbh size classes of all individuals in the whole area and different forest types showed an obvious inverted "J" shape, and the Qianjiangyuan forest community generally regenerated well. These studies provided the basic information of rich woody species in Qianjiangyuan National Park, but the families and genus distributed in the temperate zone were more than those distributed in the tropics for more non-primary forest included. So we need to take measures to restore the vegetation to the typical evergreen broad-leaved forest. Our findings answered the basic questions urgently needed to be solved in scientific and conservation practices, such as the diversity and recruitment of woody species in Qianjiangyuan National Park, and provided a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation in Qianjiangyuan National Park in the future.