Wind erosion has important effects on regional climatic degeneration and desertification. It mainly occurs in arid and semi-arid areas. Windbreak and sand fixation service belongs to the regulation service in ecosystem service and is conducive to protecting environment and maintaining soil. However, in recent research, the harm of wind erosion is lack in the adjacent area. The simulation of dust transmission is applied in wind erosion to analyze influenced adjacent area. The Wuding River Basin includes some areas of the Mu Us Desert, and the wind erosion is significant. Taking the Wuding River Basin as a case, the spatial association of service supply area and benefit area was revealed from the ecosystem service flow of the wind prevention and ecological compensation. Using the RWEQ model (Revised Wind Erosion Equation), we estimated the wind erosion volume in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018, and calculated the quality of windbreak and sand fixation to measure the windbreak and sand fixation service capacity. The Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model was used to simulate the daily dust transmission paths in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018 and obtained a range of the affected regions. Population and real GDP in the service beneficiary areas were simulated. Results are as follows. (1) In 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018, the actual wind erosion, potential wind erosion and wind break and sand fixation showed a "decrease-increase-decrease" fluctuation trend with a downward trend on the whole. The wind erosion in the west and northwest of the Wuding River Basin was more severe while in the east and southeast was more moderate. (2) The total number of the service flow path simulation showed the overall downward trend, mainly through the central and eastern China. The service beneficiary areas included China and neighboring countries. (3) The material flow of wind prevention and sand fixation service from the Wuding River Basin was centered on the northern Shaanxi and western Shanxi, and the influence area has spread to neighboring countries. The decline of wind erosion amount indicated an improved ecological environment and a good living environment locally. The results revealed the protection in the adjacent areas by the windbreak and sand fixation service. The study estimates the windbreak and sand fixation service flow, providing a scientific basis for the ecological compensation between the service supply area and the benefit area, and having a certain reference role for vegetation restoration and windbreak and sand fixation in other river basins.