As a typical distribution area of China's karst ecosystem, the ecology in Guizhou Province is sensitive and fragile. Meantime, it used to be a contiguous area of dire poverty in China, with an urgent desire for economic development. It is of great significance to study the development status of regional ecological environment-economy and their interaction relationship. Based on this, we calculated the carbon absorption of terrestrial ecosystems in Guizhou Province from three aspects: net ecosystem productivity of vegetation, soil carbon storage, and karst carbon flux, characterized the carbon emissions by CO₂ emissions from energy combustion and analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of regional carbon absorption and emissions. Then, we clarified the situation of carbon budget in Guizhou Province by building an environmental carbon loading index and decoupling elasticity value, and explored the decoupling relationship between environmental carbon loading and economic development. The result showed that: (1) The mean value of vegetation net ecosystem productivity in Guizhou Province was 257.72 g C/m², showing a gradually increased trend and a spatial distribution pattern of high value in the west and south part of the study area, while low in the east and north regions; the mean value of karst carbon flux was 6.71 t C/km², with a significant inter-annual fluctuation, and the regions with high value were concentrated in the northeast and southwest part of the study area; the average soil carbon storage was 8.38 t/hm², and the regions with high value were mainly distributed in the southern and eastern marginal areas. (2) The carbon emissions in Guizhou Province showed the overall increasing trend, indicating an increase in energy consumption and forming a distribution pattern with the city as the center and decreasing outward, and the points were connected by roads. (3) The environmental carbon loading index also increased over time, indicating the increasing environmental pressure in this region. Especially in the main urban areas of Guizhou Province, there was an obvious imbalance in carbon budget, and energy structure optimization needs to be strengthened. (4) The comprehensive decoupling status was dominated by weak decoupling and expansion connection, and the decoupling status changed from weak decoupling to expansion connection over time, indicating that environmental protection lagged behind economic development, and the economic development of Guizhou Province sacrificed environmental protection to a certain extent. In the future, the sustainability of ecological restoration projects should be further strengthened, and green economy should be developed to promote the sustainable development of regional ecology and economy.