Przewalski's gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) is the national first-class key protected wildlife and endemic species in China, which is listed as endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). At present, the Qinghai Lake area is the only distribution area of Przewalski's gazelle. In order to improve livestock productivity and reduce disputes among herders, fences have been set up in the grassland around Qinghai Lake. Fences affected the foraging, breeding and migration activities of Przewalski's gazelle, reduced their habitat area, weakened their ability to escape from predators, or dying from hanging by the fences. Because Przewalski's gazelle feeds in the same area as livestock and competes with livestock for grassland, it affects the motivation of local communities to protect them. Science popularization education can guide communities to develop correct perceptions of wildlife conservation, foster positive conservation attitudes, and promote conservation behaviors. In order to understand the conservation attitudes and willingness of local communities in Qinghai Lake Nature Reserve to Przewalski's gazelle, and to explore the main factors influencing these attitudes and willingness, a questionnaire survey was used to the herders and residents in the communities around Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve. The results showed that: (1) the respondents believed that grassland degradation (n=92, 65.25%) and grassland fencing (n=80, 56.74%) as the main factors threatening Przewalski's gazelle. The willingness of herders to remove fencing increased (from 20.78% to 34.21% and 40.79%, respectively) under the premise of protecting Przewalski's gazelle and giving ecological compensation. (2) The science popularization education of the management department (79.43%), media such as cell phones (31.91%) and TV (28.37%) were main channels for the respondents to understand the policies and regulations related to wildlife protection, which could improve respondents' understanding of policies and regulations, and positively affect the respondents' conservation cognition (P < 0.01), attitude (P < 0.01) and willingness (P < 0.01) to Przewalski's gazelles. (3) Respondents all agreed that the strict management and protection of the nature reserve (94.81% of herders, 96.87% of residents) and the tolerance and protection of Przewalski's gazelle by local herders (97.40% of herders, 87.50% of residents) were the main reasons why Przewalski's gazelle could survive around the nature reserve. (4) Respondents had high attitudes and willingness to protect Przewalski's gazelle, and were willing to participate in science popularization education (92.91%) and community co-management (87.94%). (5) In addition to the influence of respondents' education level, age, and religious beliefs, knowledge of policies and regulations and removal of fences were the key factors affecting the respondents' attitudes and willingness to protect Przewalski's gazelle (P < 0.01). Therefore, it is suggested that the nature reserve takes the construction of the national park system in China as an opportunity to strengthen scientific research on coordinated conservation and development, carry out in-depth science popularization education, improve community awareness of the nature reserve's biodiversity, and enhance community co-management.