Enclosing is one of the main measures for repairing the degraded grassland ecosystems. The scientific and optimized enclosure methods are issues urgently needed to solve in grassland resource management. Taking the desert steppe enclosed for 10 years and no enclosure in the Inner Mongolia as the research object, the impacts of enclosure and no enclosure on the species diversity and spatial distribution pattern of dominant species of desert steppe community in the Inner Mongolia were analyzed to provide scientific basis for the restoration and reconstruction of desert steppe. The results showed that: (1) the plant coverage, density, height and aboveground biomass of desert steppe were significantly increased after 10 years of enclosure; (2) The 10 years of enclosure had no significant effect on Margalef diversity index, Shannon-wiener diversity index, Simpson richness index and Pielou evenness index, but the enclosure was lower than the no enclosure sample plot; (3) The enclosure for 10 years had significant impact on the spatial distribution pattern of the dominant species Stipa breviflora and Cleistogenes squarrosa. Compared with the no enclosure, the distribution pattern of the enclosed Stipa breviflora became single and the distribution pattern of Stipa breviflora became diverse. In general, after 10 years of enclosure, the species composition, species dominance, and spatial distribution pattern of dominant species in desert grassland communities have undergone certain changes, reflecting the strategies of plants in the grassland ecosystem to adapt to their living environment after enclosure. The enclosure method should be scientifically determined based on the site conditions to achieve better ecological restoration effects.