As the most complex social ecosystem, cities are facing ecological challenges such as resource scarcity, environmental pollution, and sharp decline in biodiversity while experiencing rapid economic accumulation and accelerated urbanization. Strengthening urban ecological resilience is crucial for sustainable development of cities. Evaluating the level of urban ecological resilience from the perspective of resilience, exploring the spatiotemporal characteristics of the city's ability to prevent internal and external ecological risks, and analyzing the impact mechanism of differences in urban ecological resilience have guiding significance for the implementation of urban ecological civilization construction and risk prevention and control. Based on the perspective of "evolutionary resilience", the urban ecological resilience index system is constructed from the three capabilities of "resistance-response-transformation". Taking the Panel data of 59 prefecture-level cities in seven urban agglomerations of the Yellow River Basin during 2011-2020 as an example, using entropy-TOPSIS, traditional and spatial Markov chain, based on the quantitative measurement of the urban ecological resilience of the Yellow River Basin, its spatiotemporal characteristics are analyzed. Finally, the panel quantile regression is used to explore the segmentation effect of the influencing factors of urban ecological resilience in the Yellow River Basin, and enhance the understanding of the influencing mechanism of urban ecological resilience. The results shows that: (1) The urban ecological resilience stayed within (0.092, 0.125) in 2011-2020, showing a slight upward trend, and "inverted U" dispersion tendency. In terms of spatial distribution, the urban ecological resilience is "strong along the downstream while weak along the upstream and midstream," and radiating while decreasing progressively from provincial capitals to the surrounding cities in an obvious "center-periphery" pattern. (2) The level of urban ecological resilience increased or decreased successively, but it has not yet achieved cross level transfer, with features of "path dependence" and "self-locking." The geographic background plays a vital role in the dynamic evolution of the resilience, manifesting as an agglomeration effect that "areas of high/low resilience cluster." (3) Influencing factors like the economic development and technological innovation have a significant promoting effect on urban ecological resilience, the industrial structure exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on urban ecological resilience, while the effects of population density and environmental regulations on different quantiles of urban ecological resilience exhibit significant heterogeneity. The results of the study can offer some scientific and theoretical reference and guidance on the ecological conservation and the construction of "resilient cities" in the Yellow River Basin.