The Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotone of Poyang Lake is a typical water-land complex ecosystem, and its contradictory and conflicting human-land relationship has significantly changed the regional ecological resilience pattern. Based on the three-dimensional comprehensive evaluation system of Potential-Connectivity-Resilience" in the framework of adaptive cycle theory, we aim to assess the ecological resilience of the Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotone of Poyang Lake in 2000, 2010, and 2020. Taking townships as the research unit, we analyzed the influence strength of each factor on ecological resilience in different periods and its interaction mechanism by using geographic probe, so as to provide guidance for the formulation of regional ecological resilience improvement strategy. The results show that:(1) the comprehensive resilience index of the Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotone of Poyang Lake has increased and then decreased in 2000-2020, with an overall increasing trend. The low value area of resilience has experienced the spatial evolution characteristics of small agglomeration and large dispersion→large agglomeration and small dispersion→overall dispersion. The coverage of the medium-high resilience zone is always larger, and the regional integrated resilience is closely related to the ecological background of the system, with significantly spatial differentiation characteristics. (2) Most townships in the Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotone of Poyang Lake have experienced the evolutionary cycle of release→reorganization→development, in which the number of townships whose resilience evolution was in development (r), protection (K), release (Ω) and reorganization (α) stages in 2020 accounted for 49.4%, 28.3%, 8.2%, and 14.1%, respectively. However, there were still some townships that fell into the pathological trap (failed restructuring) during the study period, and how to break the existing situation to achieve new regional growth is now a key issue for the sustainable development of most township ecosystems. (3) The influence intensity of ecological resilience factors in the Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotone of Poyang Lake in 2000-2020 was different, among which vegetation cover, night light intensity, construction land distance and night light intensity change trend became the dominant driving forces of resilience change in the study area. The interaction between the factors is mainly nonlinearly enhanced and the influence intensity shows a more obviously increasing trend year by year. The future should be based on the resilience support capacity of the natural ecological background of the regional ecosystem, and promote the benign interaction between human activities and the ecosystem through ecosystem function enhancement and spatial structure optimization. To a certain extent, this research can analyze the current situation and trends of resilience development in the study area, and promote the formation of a sustainable human-land coupling system with regional characteristics.