Although Terrestrial Ecological Restoration (TER) projects have been advocated and carried out across the China's mainland in recent years, the underlying scientific theory and methodology are still urgently needed to reduce uncertainties in target setting, site selection for conservation & restoration, and cost-benefit evaluation. How to determine reasonable conservation and restoration objectives and to integrate and optimise ecological conservation and restoration patterns are key issues that need to be addressed in order to achieve Terrestrial Ecological Restoration.This paper initially attempted to develop a theoretic and methodological TER framework for integrating conservation and restoration pattern based on the principle of Systematic Conservation Planning, demonstrating by a case study in the central part of the Great Xing'an Mountains. The results show that: (1) The Chao'er River Basin exhibited the highest conservation priority, followed by the Halaha and Taoer river basins, hence prioritizing conservation of Chao'er River Basin could maximize ecosystem services in case of insufficient budget. (2) When the target setting was below 50% (i.e., mitigating 50% of the loss in total ecosystem service during 1980-2020), the prioritized pattern would mainly focus on forestland & grassland ecosystem conservation with a small-scale restoration pattern. With the target level exceeding 50%, the area needed to be restored would increase significantly. With the proportion of targets for optimisation increased, the area required to optimise the pattern became larger, and ecosystem services were improved in the optimised area compared to the current situation.(3) According to the target-cost-benefit curve, the optimized target level was identified at 60% for the ecosystem conservation and restoration in the central part of the Great Xing'an Mountains (i.e., making up 60% of the total ecosystem service lost during 1980-2020). (4) Under the target level of 60%, the cost of conservation and restoration was 5.06 billion yuan, and the ecological benefits generated were 6.64 billion yuan. The prioritized area of forestland, grassland and wetland to be conserved were identified at 20400.27 km², 11919.45 km², and 25.23 km². The prioritized area of forestland, grassland, and wetland to be restored were identified at 272.18 km²,1695.23 km², and 3.71 km², accounting for 40.9%, 23.5%, and 6.3% of potential restorable forestland, grassland and riverine & lacustrine wetlands (i.e., areal loss between 19802020), respectively. Based on trading off "target-cost-benefit", this integrated conservation and restoration planning provides an operational framework to measure priorities between conservation and restoration actions, and highlights the necessity to optimize allocation of limited resources by integrating the two approaches cost-efficiently.