Currently, there is still a lack of sufficient studies on the responses of soil enzymes to climate change in the agroecosystem. In an attempt to address this research gap, we investigated the variation of soil extracellular and intracellular enzyme activities and its driving factors under long-term elevated CO₂ treatment in a winter wheat farmland from North China Plain. Our study was conducted at the free air CO₂ enrichment experiment of Changping, Beijing. The planted winter wheat was exposed to ambient and elevated levels of CO₂ (400 μmol/mol vs 550 μmol/mol), respectively. We collected the surface soil samples from four different growth stages during the winter wheat growing season. Our results showed that the elevated CO₂ treatment significantly improved activities of extracellular carbon acquiring enzyme. However, activities of extracellular nitrogen acquiring enzyme and both intracellular carbon and nitrogen acquiring enzyme were not affected by the elevated CO₂ treatment. In addition, we also quantified the ratio of extracellular to intracellular enzyme activity which previous studies did not pay enough attention to this before. Based on the statistical results, the elevated CO₂ treatment increased the ratio of extracellular to intracellular carbon acquiring enzyme activity but decreased the ratio of extracellular to intracellular nitrogen acquiring enzyme activity at the maturity stage of winter wheat. According to Pearson correlation analysis, both extracellular carbon and nitrogen acquiring enzyme activities negatively correlated with soil pH value. The influencing factors of intracellular enzyme activity were different from that of extracellular enzyme activity. To be specific, the intracellular carbon acquiring enzyme activity positively correlated with soil water content while intracellular nitrogen acquiring enzyme activity negatively correlated with microbial biomass carbon. Nevertheless, the effect of above influencing factors was unable to be detected under the elevated CO₂ treatment. Only intracellular carbon acquiring enzyme activity showed a negative relationship with soil total nitrogen. These results highlighted the importance of studying intracellular enzymes, which could provide new insights into the response of soil processes to global change factors.