Biological invasion is an important factor of global biodiversity decline and habitat change,and has caused huge economic losses and ecological disasters around the world. However, there are still very limited articles which systematically exploring the research progress and trends of biological invasion. Based on the core database of Web of Science, Scopus and CNKI, and using the CiteSpace software, this paper analyzes the research progress and trends of biological invasion in China and abroad. The results show that: (1) the research on biological invasion started earliest in the United States in 1970, followed by developed countries in Western Europe and Australia, and the number of related articles abroad increased exponentially after 1990. The cooperation between foreign research institutions and authors is strong, forming a cooperative network centered on universities such as University of California, University of Florida and Colorado State University in the United States. Foreign research focused on the driving factors, invasion pressure and invasion state of biological invasion. In recent years, foreign research hotspots included population dynamics of invasive species, diffusion mechanisms, ecological models, invasion on island, risk assessment, climate change and international trade. More and more attention has been paid to biological invasions under the interaction of climate change and multiple driving factors, but there were few studies on alien microorganisms and invertebrates. (2) Relevant research in China began in the 1990s, and the number of related articles increased rapidly from 2000 to 2010. The cooperation intensity between domestic research institutions and authors is relatively low, with Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Hainan University as the main research organizations, presenting a multi-core and decentralized cooperative network. Focuses were on the negative impacts of biological invasion and its mitigation measure. Research hotspots included invasion routes, invasion mechanisms, invasion hazards, prevention strategies, global trade, climate change and risk assessment. More and more attention has been paid to biological invasion under the “Belt and Road” and scientific prevention methods such as using artificial intelligence. However, in the past ten years, the research content was relatively scattered in China, the attention and popularity of different clusters were decreasing, and the research on the driving mechanism of biological invasion and early warning monitoring was also relatively weak. (3) In the future, relevant research within China should highlight research priorities and keep pace with international research, strengthen the research on biological invasion under the interaction of global trade, climate change and multiple driving factors, and conduct in-depth research on the comprehensive evaluation system of driving—pressure—state—response of biological invasion. Based on the systematic cognition of biological invasion research progress, it provides the theoretical support for the scientific control of biological invasion in China.