Population characteristics serve as fundamental indicators that reflect the current survival status of wild species, which are subject to dynamic changes due to internal and external environmental factors. Plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a dominant subterranean rodent inhabiting the Tibetan Plateau, plays a vital role in maintaining species diversity and scientifically managing rodent damage in alpine grasslands. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the population characteristics of the plateau zokor and its relationship with the environmental factors. For this study, we selected the typical plateau zokor distribution area, with an area of 1.5hm², in Zhuaxixiulong Town, Tianzhu County. We used the capture-mark-recapture method to analyze the population density, survival rate, recruitments per hectare, and body weight of plateau zokor in May and October from 2014 to 2019. Additionally, the aboveground and belowground biomass of each plant functional group was investigated by sampling method, and also obtained the climate data for the same period from the China Meteorological Data Center. Finally, we examined the relationship between population characteristics and the environmental factors by using the gray correlation analysis. The results indicated that the population characteristics of the plateau zokor exhibited interannual and seasonal variations. From 2014 to 2019, the population density and survival rate of the plateau zokor displayed a declining trend. Moreover, the population density in spring was lower than that in autumn, while the survival rate and recruitments per hectare of plateau zokor from spring to autumn were higher than those from autumn to the following spring. Grey correlation analysis revealed that the population density, survival rate and body weight of plateau zokor were highly correlated with rainfall, extreme temperature, and the biomass of forbs in spring. However, the recruitments per hectare of the plateau zokor population showed a low correlation with spring climatic factors and plant biomass. In autumn, the population density and recruitments per hectare of plateau zokor exhibited less correlation with climatic factors, except for a higher correlation between the survival rate and body weight with temperature. Furthermore, in autumn, the correlation between the population density and survival rate of the plateau zokor and plant biomass was relatively lower, except for a slightly higher correlation between the recruitments per hectare and body weight with plant biomass. In summary, these findings not only provide a foundation for the establishment of the plateau zokor population prediction but also offer valuable insights for the prevention and control of the plateau zokor outbreak in time.