The natural regeneration of Minjiang fir (Abies fargesii var. faxoniana) plays an important role in the forest ecology restoration in the subalpine region of western Sichuan Province. Previous studies on the regeneration of Minjiang fir have mainly focused on the density of seedlings in different forest types, the effects of bamboo abundance and temperature increase on seedlings, spatial association analysis between young individuals and dominant species trees of different diameter classes, regeneration dynamics in the treeline ecotone, etc. However, comparative studies on the regeneration structure, regeneration quality of Minjiang fir, and the survival bottleneck periods of young Minjiang fir between primary forest with Minjiang fir as the dominant species and natural secondary forest after logging are rare. Therefore, the objective of this study was to reveal the size-class structure, regeneration quality of Minjiang fir and the age structure, quantitative dynamics, and development trend of the young Minjiang fir population in four typical natural forest types (Rhododendron-Minjiang fir forest, Fargesia-Minjiang fir forest, Betula albosinensis-Minjiang fir forest, and B. albosinensis forest) of the subalpine forest in western Sichuan. Based on four 1 hm² plots for each forest type, we analyzed the size-class structure, regeneration quality, and survival bottleneck stages of young Minjiang fir in the four forest types by height-age regression models, the crude density of regeneration, stationary life table, survival curve, and dynamic quantization of age structure. The results showed that the order of regeneration quality and survival status of Minjiang fir in the four forest types was Rhododendron-Minjiang fir forest, B. albosinensis forest, B. albosinensis-Minjiang fir forest, and Fargesia-Minjiang fir forest. The mortality and dynamic index of the population age structure (V_n index) of the young Minjiang fir population fluctuated greatly with the increasing age of young Minjiang fir. The results of the mortality and the V_n index showed the survival bottleneck stages for the growth of the young Minjiang fir in the Rhododendron-Minjiang fir forest and Fargesia-Minjiang fir forest were from the ages of 21 to 25 (tree heights of 0.66-1.04 m) and the ages of 11 to 15 (tree heights of 0.46-0.73 m). The survival bottleneck stages for the growth of the young Minjiang fir were from the ages of 16 to 20 (tree heights of 0.60-0.89 m) and the ages of 11 to 15 (tree heights of 0.19-0.40 m), respectively, in the B. albosinensis-Minjiang fir forest and B. albosinensis forest. By comparing the regeneration structure and quantitative dynamics of young Minjiang fir, we revealed the regeneration quality of Minjiang fir and explored the age bottleneck and height bottleneck stages that critically constrain the survival of Minjiang fir in the four typical forest types. Our findings provide support for the targeted care and management of young Minjiang fir individuals in subalpine natural forests of western Sichuan Province.