Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus, a unique Schizothoracinae fish species in China, is mainly distributed in the upper reach of the Yellow River and the middle-upper reaches of Yalong River. In order to analyze the fishery status and growth potential of G. pachycheilus population in the middle reach of Yalong River, a total of 189 G. pachycheilus were collected from the middle Yalong River, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, from October 2020 to March 2021. The population structure and growth characteristics were studied by mathematical models and statistical methods. The results showed that the G. pachycheilus population was consisted of individuals of 3-9 years old, and dominated by ones of 4-6 years old (n=166), accounting for 87.83% of the total samples (n=189). The average standard length and body weight of the fish samples were (264.1±3.4) mm (mean±SE) and (250.5±12.6) g (mean±SE), respectively, which had the standard length range from 176.0 to 455.0 mm and body weight range from 65.7 to 1240.0 g. There were 134 sexually mature individuals among 189 G. pachycheilus samples, and the sex ratio of the population was (♀:♂) 1.48:1 (i.e., 80:54). In addition, the smallest sexually mature female and male fish sample were both 4 years old, with standard length of 202.0 mm (♀) and 220.0 mm (♂), body weight of 105.0 g (♀) and 133.0 g (♂), respectively. The average fatness of all G. pachycheilus samples was (1.22±0.01) (mean±SE). The relationship between body weight and standard length could be expressed as W=5.00×10^-6L^3.146 (R²=0.948, n=189). The Von Bertalanffy growth equations of standard length and body weight were L_t=727.5[1-e^{-0.097(t-0.508)}]and W_t=5224.9[1-e^{-0.097(t-0.508)}]^3.146, respectively. The age for the growth inflection point of body weight was 12.36 years, and the corresponding standard length and body weight were 505.2 mm and 1568.3 g. Overall, the results indicated that the population structure of G. pachycheilus in the middle reach of Yalong River tended to be younger in age and smaller in size, and the G. pachycheilus had the characteristics of long natural life, slow growth, and large asymptotic standard length. Besides, due to the poor feeding base and hydrological conditions in the Yalong River, and the reduction and fragmentation of habitat caused by the construction of hydropower stations, the population growth potential of G. pachycheilus in the middle reach of Yalong River may be low, and the natural recovery of G. pachycheilus' wild resources is still facing challenges. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the wild fishery resources of G. pachycheilus in the Yalong River as soon as possible.