In recent years, under the influences of climate change and grazing activities, grassland has been seriously degraded, which has greatly affected the development of grassland ecosystem and animal husbandry in Xinjiang. Therefore, it is great significance to understand the spatio-temporal distribution of main noxious and miscellaneous weeds and the main ecological factors affecting their distribution for the sustainable development of animal husbandry in Xinjiang. In this paper, MaxEnt was adopted to predict potential distribution areas of main noxious and miscellaneous weeds in Xinjiang under different climate scenarios. The results showed that:1) the simulation accuracy values of MaxEnt in the three scenarios were all greater than 0.8, which was at the good level, indicating that the model results have a high degree of confidence. 2) In the historical period, Aconitum leucostomum was mainly influenced by isothermality and precipitation of driest month, mainly distributed in areas such as Altai. Anabasis aphylla was mainly influenced by grazing rates and precipitation of driest month, distributed along the Tianshan Mountains and around the western and northern parts of the Tarim Basin. The main influencing factors for the Ligularia narynensis were mean diurnal range and isothermality, mainly distributed in areas such as Bayin Goleng Prefecture. Oxytropis glabra was mainly influenced by mean diurnal range and precipitation seasonality, and distributed mainly in the northwestern part of Xinjiang. Sophora alopecuroides was affected by altitude and precipitation of coldest quarter and mainly found in areas such as the Tarim Basin. 3) The area with low probability of invasion of noxious and miscellaneous weeds accounted for 51.69%. The area with high risk of invasion accounted for 5.62%, mainly concentrated in Altay, Tacheng, Changji Autonomous Prefecture, Wujiaqu, Boltala, Yili Autonomous Prefecture, Shihezi, Urumqi, Aksu, Kizilsu and Kashgar. 4) In the future climate scenarios, the main noxious and miscellaneous weeds in Xinjiang show a trend of further spread. The expansion trend of noxious and miscellaneous weeds in the SSP245 scenario is more obvious than that in the SSP126 scenario, indicating that noxious and miscellaneous weeds show a higher adaptability in the high radiative forcing climate scenario. Areas where mean diurnal ranges become smaller are more susceptible to invasion by noxious and miscellaneous weeds, while areas with significantly higher precipitation in the driest months are less likely to be invaded by noxious and miscellaneous weeds and their area undergoes retreat.