The ecological problems of agricultural water and land resources caused by high-intensity agricultural development have been gradually increasing worldwide, such as the excessive exploitation of shallow groundwater, the shortage of cultivated land resources and the intensification of non-point source pollution. It is of great significance to explore the spatial allocation and shortage pressure of water and land resources in grain and vegetable production for sustainable utilization of the agricultural resources. In this paper, Shandong Province, a typical major grain-producing region and vegetable production base in China, was selected as the case study to explore the spatial allocation and scarcity of water and land resources in crop production (including grains and vegetables). The results will also play an important role of demonstration and reference for the sustainable utilization and management of water and land resources in other provinces. The spatial characteristics of water footprint of three main grain crops (winter wheat, corn and soybean) and vegetables with two different planting patterns (protected vegetables and open field vegetables) firstly were analyzed. Then the concept of resource quantity and resource quality was introduced to analyze the matching pattern differences of quantity and quality of agricultural water and land resources. Finally, the scarcity of agricultural water and land resources and its influencing factors were further explored. The results showed that:(1) the water footprint of grains and vegetables differed greatly, and soybean had the highest water footprint, followed by wheat and corn. The water footprint of vegetable was much smaller than that of grains, and the water footprint of open field vegetables was higher than that of protected vegetables. In 2019, the total water footprint of grain and vegetable production in Shandong Province was 81.1 billion m³, of which water footprint of grain production accounted for 78.50%, vegetable production accounted for 21.50%. The water footprint of grain and vegetable production was obviously affected by topography, and the water footprint was larger in northwest and southwest Shandong. (2) The mean matching coefficient of water and land resources considering resources quantity was 0.622×10⁴ m³/hm², and the mean matching coefficient considering the resources quality was 0.416×10⁴ m³/hm². The matching coefficient of quantity and quality of water and land resources was consistent in space, which indicated that the areas with high spatial allocation level of water and land resources in agricultural production were also facing greater agricultural non-point source pollution pressure. (3) The spatial distribution of water resource and land resource shortage pressure showed homogeneity as a whole; the scarcity of land resource was higher than that of water resource. Based on the perspective of production, the scarcity of water and land resources was significantly restricted by environmental factors, and differently affected by economic development factors, while social factors had no significant impact on the scarcity. In the future, the adjustment of planting structure will promote the coordinated optimization of the matching degree of quantity and quality of water and land resources, and promote the optimal allocation of water and land resources. This study can provide data basis for sustainable management of agricultural resources and provide case reference for comprehensive understanding of scarcity of water and land resource caused by crop production.