In order to study the characteristics of soil ciliate community and influencing factors in wetland of the Nianchu River Basin, Tibet, China. In May, August and October of 2020, i.e spring summer and autumn three seasons, 75 soil samples from five plots were selected based on the distribution of wetland in the Nianchu River Basin, A total of 154 species of soil ciliates, belonging to 70 genera, 43 families,19 orders and 9 classes, were identified by "non-flooded petri dish method" and "in vivo observation method". The results showed that Prorodontida (11.69%) was the dominant group, Haptorida (11.04%) was the subdominant group, and rare taxa were Euplotidae, Armophorida, Colpodida, Philaslasterida, Chlamydodontida and Succorida, accounting for 16.23% of the total. There was no significant difference in soil ciliate diversity index between the three seasons (P>0.05) in wetland, and the diversity index of the SD4 was the highest among the five plots. The soil ciliates(C/P(0.35)<1), indicating that the soil environment in wetland was not polluted. The similarity of soil ciliate communities ranged from extremely dissimilar to moderately dissimilar, showed that species had great differences in different sites. Soil water content (SWC), soil temperature (ST) and available potassium (RAK) were the main factors affecting soil ciliate community distribution.