Early spring herbaceous plants, as the early stage of the dynamic change of the herbaceous layer, are an important part of the forest and are of great significance for maintaining the function and diversity of forest ecosystem. In order to explore the response of early spring herb plants to forest type changes caused by human disturbance in Xiaoxing'an Mountains, five forest types (Secondary birch forest, Korean pine plantation, Dahurian larch plantation, Selectively cut mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest and Mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest) in Liangshui National Nature Reserve of Heilongjiang Province were selected as the research objects, and the diversity of early spring herb plants under forest and its influencing factors were analyzed. The results showed that:(1) a total of 60 species of herbaceous plants in early spring were found under the forest in the study area, belonging to 52 genera and 26 families. The dominant species under the forest were mainly Anemone cathayensis and Aegopodium alpestre. High similarity of plant community composition in herb layer of five forest types in early spring. (2) The density, coverage and diversity index of early spring herb plants in the five forest types with different life-history strategies showed significant differences. (3) Soil pH had a high explanation rate for the density, coverage and diversity index of early-spring growing herbs, and understory light had a high explanation rate for the density and coverage of early-spring flowering herbs and for diversity index of early-spring foliating herbs. (4) The density, coverage and diversity index of early-spring growing herbs were positively correlated with soil pH, and the diversity index was unimodal with soil total nitrogen (TN). The relationship between understory light and density of early-spring flowering herbs showed a single peak, and a negative correlation with coverage. The diversity index of early spring foliating herbs showed an aboriginal ‘U’ type relationship with transmitted direct light (TDir) and transmitted total light (TTot), and a significant positive correlation with transmitted diffused light (TDif). There were significant differences in density, coverage and diversity index of early spring herb plants in different life-history strategies due to changes of forest type, but the trend was inconsistent. Soil pH and light conditions were the main environmental factors affecting the quantitative characteristics of herbaceous plants in early spring under forest, and the degree of influence varied according to the characteristics of life-history of herbaceous plants. The results of this study provided a theoretical basis for understanding the growth and development characteristics and influencing factors of plant communities in Xiaoxing'an Mountains.