Ecological recreation space (ERS) is an important carrier for construction of ecological civilization and popularization of public recreational rights. It is also an important field to improve the quality of life and well-being of people. Based on the 908 ERSs of Guizhou in 1982-2020 as the sample, it obtains batch the ERSs geographical coordinates by Google Earth and digital processing with ArcGIS 10.2 in the article, and to identify hot-cold spatial distribution and evolution by Hot-spot analysis tool. All the data were used to research the explanatory power of main driving factors for spatiotemporal evolution of ERS by Geodetector. The results showed that:(1) the ERSs' number has continued to grow rapidly in terms of time evolution, and the area has expanded throughout the region. The number of ERSs had increased from 5 in 1982 to 908 in 2020, and the area has been evolved from 500 km² to 37000 km². (2) It shifted from polarization distribution to balance development in terms of the spatial evolution of the quantity, and the distribution direction was always northeast-southwest. (3) The spatial agglomeration changed significantly with time in terms of density spatial evolution. The urban area of Guiyang is always a gathering highland, and the urban area of Zunyi eventually evolved into hotspot. (4) All the evolution of ERSs had been influenced by several factors. The natural environment had the fundamentally restraining effect for spatiotemporal evolution, the industrial economy was the internal driving force, and the social policy was the external thrust. Tourism revenue represent of GDP, built-up area, related policies and average altitude were the controlling drivers of spatiotemporal evolution of the ERSs' number. While proportion of tertiary industry, disposable income of rural residents and fixed asset investment were the controlling drivers of the spatiotemporal evolution of its density, and the spatiotemporal pattern of ERS was the result of the long-term interaction of multiple factors. According to this research, the construction and development of Guizhou province's ERS should be incremental extension and stock update by scientific planning and reasonable layout and balanced development of urban-rural areas in the future, to solve the imbalanced and inadequate of ERS's supply effectively. At the same times, it's important to strengthen the driving ability of dominant factor to promote the coordinative development of urban-rural ERS's supply and demand, and to achieve social equity gradually. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the construction of ecological civilization and high-quality development of ERS in Guizhou and its surrounding areas.