Pinus tabuliformis is one of the representative tree species in North China, which is rich in oil and easy to cause large area and high severity wildfire. It is of great significance for wildfire management of Pinus tabuliformis forest to elucidate the influence of wildfire of different severities on the surface fuel load and potential surface fire behavior of Pinus tabuliformis forest. In this study, Pinus tabuliformis forests with different severities of wildfire disturbance in Liaoheyuan Nature Reserve in 2014 were taken as the research object. According to different severities (high, moderate, low) and control (unburned), three 20 m×20 m sample plots were set, and a total of 12 plots were set. Based on the investigation of surface fuel and stand structure index, combined with indoor experiments, the potential fire behavior was simulated by BehavePlus 5.0 software. The characteristics of surface fuel load and potential surface fire behavior of Pinus tabuliformis forest after 5 years of fire with different severities were discussed, and the main factors affecting the potential surface fire behavior were analyzed. The results indicated that (1) there was no significant difference in the fine fuel load and the total surface fuel load between different severities wildfire disturbance (P>0.05). (2) Under the conditions of different wind speeds and fuel moisture content, there were no significant differences in the potential surface fire spread rate and fireline intensity (P>0.05), but there were significant differences in the calorific value per unit area, flame height and reaction intensity (P<0.05) after forest fire disturbance with different severities. (3) The potential surface fire behavior of Pinus tabuliformis forest with different severities was mainly affected by the regeneration seedling base diameter of Pinus tabuliformis, shrub load, average canopy width of Pinus tabuliformis, load of upper dead leaves, and the regeneration seedling density of Pinus tabuliformis. The results showed that forest fires with different severities could reduce the severity and risk of reburning.