Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition may directly and indirectly affect the weathering process of stone cultural relics, but the relevant research is obviously insufficient. Therefore, this study took bare rock and lichen_covered rock as the research object, and compared the effects of N addition treatments with different concentrations (N0=0 kg hm^-2 a^-1, N1=9 kg hm^-2 a^-1, N2=18 kg hm^-2 a^-1, N3=36 kg hm^-2 a^-1, and N4=72 kg hm^-2 a^-1) on the bacterial community structure on the bare rock and lichen_covered rock surface of Leshan Giant Buddha, so as to explore the potential impact of atmospheric N deposition on rock weathering of Leshan Giant Buddha. The results showed that, the α-diversity of bacterial communities on bare rock and lichen_covered rock was different in response to N deposition. N addition treatment had no significant effect on the bacterial α-diversity indices (Sobs and Shannon indices) of bare rock surface, but affected the bacterial diversity on lichen_covered rock to varying degrees:N4 treatment significantly decreased bacterial α-diversity indices (Sobs and Shannon indices), N2 and N3 treatments also significantly decreased bacterial Sobs index. PCoA analysis demonstrated that different N addition treatments had significant effects on the bacterial community composition of both bare rock (R=0.464; P=0.002) and lichen_covered rock (R=0.822; P=0.001). Compared with the control, low N treatment (N1, N2 and N3) significantly changed the composition of bacterial community, and the composition of bacterial community under high N (N4) treatment was different from that under low N on bare rock. However, the bacterial communities changed obviously under different N addition treatments (N0-N4) on lichen-covered rock. In addition, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, WPS-2, Patescibacteria, and Planctomycetes were the dominant bacteria on the surface of both bare rock and lichen_covered rock at the phylum level. However, their dynamics on bare rock and lichen_covered rock are not consistent with N addition. For example, more bacterial taxa of their relative abundance changed significantly on lichen_covered rock than on bare rock. Multiple linear discriminant and effect size (LEfSe) analysis (from phylum to genus) found 7 and 21 indicator taxa after N addition of bare rock and lichen_covered rock, respectively. These bacterial species may be important microorganisms in the biological weathering process of Leshan Giant Buddha under the background of atmospheric N deposition in the future. These results indicate that the biodeterioration of Leshan Giant Buddha will be affected by future atmospheric N deposition and soil bacterial communities on lichen_covered rock are more sensitive to atmospheric N deposition than that on bare rock. This study provides basic information for the conservation of Leshan Giant Buddha under changing climate conditions in the future and also accumulates basic data for the study of the effect of atmospheric N deposition on the primary succession process of red sandstone in subtropical region.