Soil bacteria play an important role in maintaining ecological function and health of wetland ecosystem. Soil samples were collected from natural wetlands, wetlands with different ages (3a, 7a, 11a, and 21a) recovered from farmland and rape fields around Caizi Lake, Anqing City, Anhui Province. Soil bacterial community structures and biomass were analyzed by PCR-DGGE, high-throughput sequencing and phospholipid fatty acid method. The changes and influencing factors of soil bacterial community structures and biomass during wetland ecology restoration were discussed. The results showed that the relative abundance of Proteobacteria (Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Detaproteobacteria), Acidobacteria (Acidobacteria and Holophagae), Nitrospinae (Nitrospinia) and Nitrospirae (Nitrospira) increased at the initial restoration period and decreased subsequently. These bacteria participating in soil nitrogen cycling played an important role in improving soil nitrogen during the ecology restoration. The relative abundance of Firmicutes (Bacilli and Clostridia) and Actinobacteria (Actinobacteria) related to agricultural activities, decreased gradually during the whole restoration period, indicating the declining impact of historical agricultural activity. Soil bacterial diversity reached the maximum at the early stage of restoration (3-7a) and then decreased gradually. Bacterial biomass tended to increase in the surface soil, and showed decreasing-increasing-decreasing tendency in the subsurface soil during the whole restoration period. Soil bulk density and water condition had close relationship with soil bacterial community structures and diversity index, and soil total nitrogen had close relationship with soil bacterial biomass. In this study, the successions of soil bacterial communities associated with wetland restoration over time, and their ecological function were elucidated in detail, which is helpful to improve the knowledge of restoration process of the degraded wetland ecosystem.