Through pursuit of rapid economic development, China has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty science the "reform and opening up". However, the patterns of human development that have dominated over the past decades have resulted in dangerous depletion of natural capital and uneven delivery of essential ecosystem services. To improve the ecological environment and improve people's well-being, the Chinese government has implemented a series of ecological protection projects since 2000., meanwhile, China has experienced drastic environmental changes. Chinese terrestrial ecosystem services have been significantly altered. A comprehensive understanding of the spatio-temporal patterns of ecosystem services and their trade-offs and synergies have importantly theoretical and practical significance for ecosystem management and sustainable development. Therefore, a newly developed process-based model (CEVSA-ES) integrating remote sensing data was used to simulate key ecosystem services (i.e., net primary productivity, carbon sequestration, water retention, and soil retention) in the Chinese terrestrial ecosystem. Compared to the traditional terrestrial biosphere models, the main innovation of the CEVSA-ES model was the consideration of soil erosion processes and their impact on carbon cycling. The CEVSA-ES model also improved the carbon-water cycle algorithms. We analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristic of ecosystem services and their relationships based on the simulation results of CEVSA-ES model. The results showed that:(1) net primary productivity, carbon sequestration, water retention, and soil retention of the Chinese terrestrial ecosystem in 2018 were 3.68 Pg C/a, 0.43 Pg C/a, 1015.71 km³/a, and 208.18 Gt/a, respectively. The ecosystem services in the eastern monsoon region were remarkably higher than those in the northwest region and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Especially. the subtropical-tropical monsoonal region dominated the national ecosystem services. (2) The net primary productivity, carbon sequestration, water retention, and soil retention all showed increasing trends in China from 2000 to 2018. Among them, the net primary productivity, carbon sequestration, water retention showed significant trends, with increase rates were 42.80 Tg C/a (P<0.01), 13.42 Tg C/a (P<0.01), and 11.90 km³/a (P<0.05), respectively. For different climatic regions, the tropical-subtropical monsoon region dominated the increasing trend of net primary productivity and carbon sequestration, water retention showed no significant increasing trend in all climatic regions, soil conservation only showed a significant increasing trend in the temperate continental region. (3) There were synergic relationships among different ecosystem services in China from 2000 to 2018. Productivity was the basis for many ecosystem functions and processes, therefore, there are significant synergic relationships between net primary productivity and other ecosystem services, which laid the foundation for synergies between ecosystem services. Spatially, the areas with synergistic relationship between the two ecosystem services accounted for more than 60% of the total area of the country, where mainly distributed in northern China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The results could enhance the understanding of changes in ecosystem services and provide references for ecosystem management.