Facing the rapid degradation of the ecological environment in the Yellow River Basin of Shanxi Province, the determination of conservation priority areas from the perspective of ecosystem services is a key step for nature protection and sustainable development. In this study, comprehensive multi-source data integration was used to simulate the changes in the spatial-temporal patterns of main ecosystem services (habitat quality, soil conservation, sand prevention, water yield, carbon sequestration, and crop production) by GIS spatial analysis tools and InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade offs) model. Multiple conservation scenarios were established by using hot spot analysis tool and OWA(Ordered Weighted Averaged) multi-attribute decision-making method. Finally, the optimal conservation priority area was screened out by evaluating conservation efficiency. The work can provide information source and theoretical basis for the maintenance of ecological balance and ecological protection planning and decision-making in the Yellow River Basin of Shanxi Province. The results showed that:(1) Temporally, soil conservation, sand prevention, water yield, carbon sequestration, and crop production showed an overall upward trend, and only habitat quality decreased slightly from 2010 to 2020. Spatially, the services of habitat quality, soil conservation, water yield, and carbon sequestration were prominent in the western and southeastern parts of the study area, while the distribution of sand prevention service was fragmented, and the crop production service in the central and southwest plain areas was significant. (2) In the constructed conservation scenarios, the conservation priority areas for single ecosystem service were mainly located in the Sanchuan River Basin, Xinshui River Basin, and Qinhe River Basin, which were dominated by the single service, showing spatial heterogeneity. Additionally, balancing the intricate relationship between ecosystem services, eleven conservation priority areas scenarios were constructed, which were affected by the coupling mechanism of ecosystem services, showing the overall spatial situation of the northwest contiguous and southeast fragmented. (3) Taking risks, trade-offs and protection efficiency into consideration, Scenario 8 is the optimal conservation priority area, with a protection area of 18,500 km², which can efficiently protect a variety of essential ecosystem services. The protection efficiency of habitat quality, soil conservation, sand prevention, water yield, carbon storage, and crop production are 1.45, 1.38, 1.04, 1.31, 1.16 and 0.98, respectively. The conservation priority area selection in this paper can provide a reference for the government's growing nature conservation affairs, which will contribute to sustainable development in the Yellow River Basin of Shanxi Province.