Green development refers to the establishment of a green economic growth mode that is decoupled from resource consumption and pollution emissions, and gradually realizes the symbiosis and diversified development of economic, social, and natural systems. Studying the green development efficiency and its driving mechanism of countries along the "Belt and Road" has important theoretical and practical significance for promoting the construction of the Green Road. However, there is currently few research on the bias of technological change in terms of driving mechanism, so there is no theoretical basis for promoting green technology progress and green development from the perspective of factors. Taking 37 countries along the Belt and Road as samples, this paper measured the green development trend and technological change characteristics of those countries between 1995 and 2019 by using the data envelopment analysis method with green total factor productivity as a green development indicator. On this basis, we explored the driving characteristics of the factor bias of technological change on green development in different types of countries. The main findings are as follows. (1) The level of green development in most countries shows an upward trend, with an average annual growth rate of 0.7% in green total factor productivity. (2) The technological progress is the key driver of green development in countries along the route, with neutral technological progress being the main driver, while the biased technological change tends to reduce the efficiency of green development. (3) The driving characteristics of green development vary in different types of countries. The countries along the route are classified into four categories, including very strong, relatively strong, relatively weak, and very weak, according to their green development characteristics. Green technology and efficiency are progressive in Type I countries (very strong) and regressive in Type III countries (relatively weak); green technological progress is driven by neutral technological progress in all types of countries, while the biased technological progress is generally energy-intensive and ecologically degrading. The countries with faster green development than GDP development in Type I have the biased technologies that favor energy among input factors and desired output among output factors, showing energy-intensive and eco-friendly characteristics. It suggests that low-carbon policies in these countries have promoted technological progress, while the incentive effect of energy regulation still needs to be strengthened. Based on the findings of this paper, it is proposed that optimizing macro-measurement indicators of economic development, and promoting biased green technological progress with energy-saving and low-carbon regulations are the key paths to promote green development in countries along the "Belt and Road".