Taking the needles of ten different Chinese fir clones in the young plantations as the object, the needle anatomical structures were made by microwave paraffin rapid section method, based on the analysis of climatic factors in the study area. By observing and measuring eight anatomical structure indexes of the needle samples, including upper epidermis cutical thickness, upper epidermis thickness, lower epidermis cutical thickness, lower epidermis thickness, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness, leaf thickness, and vascular bundle thickness, the response characteristics of needle anatomical structure of different Chinese fir clones under the background of atmospheric warming were studied. The results show that:(1) the summer temperature of the study area increased firstly and then decreased in 2020. On the contrary, the change of precipitation showed obviously high temperature and drought. (2) The needle anatomical structures of different Chinese fir clones were similar. The mesophyll tissue differentiated into palisade tissue and spongy tissue, which were typical heterophyllous leaves. Except for the thickness of the lower epidermis, the other anatomical structure indexes showed different degrees of change among clones, showing morphological plasticity differences in response to atmospheric warming. (3) The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a certain correlation between anatomical structure indexes. Among the climatic factors, the monthly average temperature was significantly positively correlated with palisade tissue (P< 0.01), and the monthly average precipitation was significantly positively correlated with palisade tissue, spongy tissue and ratio of palisade tissue to spongy tissue (P<0.01). (4) According to the results of principal component analysis, sponge tissue, palisade tissue, needle thickness, epidermal tissue and cuticle were selected as the typical indicators to characterize the anatomical structure of Chinese fir needles, reflecting the characteristics of the anatomical structure change of Chinese fir needles under the background of atmospheric warming to resist strong light and reduce water emission. (5) The order of leaf plasticity index of different Chinese fir clones was W2 > P11 > S4 > P32 > P41 > P17 > P18 > S22 > S23 > Yang061, which was similar to the ecological adaptability of different Chinese fir clones under atmospheric warming environment. In conclusion, there are differences in the environmental adaptability among different of Chinese fir clones, and the leaves have strong morphological plasticity changes. When the temperature changes, Chinese fir can respond to the combined stress of high temperature and drought caused by increasing atmospheric temperature through the anatomical structure adjustment of leaves. The future should pay full attention to the impact of climate change on the growth and development of Chinese fir plantation.