Climate change and human disturbance are important factors affecting species distribution. Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. is an important construction species in desert areas of China. The loss of the construction species will cause serious disruption to the balance of desert ecosystems. Therefore, predicting the changes of suitable habitat under climate change and human disturbance is of great significance for the conservation and development of the species. In this study, 61 geographical distribution data and 21 environmental variables were used to predict the appropriate distribution of A. sparsifolia with or without human disturbance. In addition, the change characteristics of distribution areas of A. sparsifolia under four shared socio-economic paths (SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, SSP585) were predicted in the future (2021-2040, 2041-2060, 2061-2080, and 2081-2100). The results showed that without the human disturbance, the suitable area of A. sparsifolia was 1.32 million km², covering most of the arid area of northwestern China. The annual precipitation, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, mean diurnal range, annual mean temperature, temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality and elevation were the most important environmental variables affecting the distribution of A. sparsifolia. Considering the influence of human disturbance, the distribution area of A. sparsifolia reduced to 0.71 million km², showing a state of fragmentation. In this case, the annual precipitation, human activity intensity and elevation were the most important factors affecting the distribution of A. sparsifolia. The projected suitable areas of A. sparsifolia under different SSPs scenarios may be enlarged. Especially under SSP370 and SSP585 scenarios, the projected suitable area of A. sparsifolia would increase significantly with time, and the expansion area mainly developed to high latitudes and altitudes areas. The habitat of A. sparsifolia shrank a little in the middle and western part of Inner Mongolia. A. sparsifolia can survive in the arid area of northwestern China under climate change, so it is an excellent species for desertification protection and development.