This paper takes Guizhou Caohai Reserve (2171.7 m above sea level approximately) as the research object, the time-space substitution method was used to study the distribution and influencing factors of soil organic carbon (SOC), easily oxidizable organic carbon (ROC) and soluble organic carbon (DOC) in different geomorphological environments (non-karst landforms, karst landforms and vegetation restoration landforms). The purpose of this paper is to provide a scientific basis for accurately estimating the reserves of carbon components and evaluating the benefits of carbon sequestration in the reserve.The results showed that:(1) The contents of SOC, ROC and DOC,under different landforms had very significantly negative correlation with soil depth, that was, they decreased with the increase of soil depth. (2) In the 0-50 cm soil layer, both karst and non-karst landforms had relatively higher organic carbon content in soil aggregates larger than 0.2 mm, and the lowest content of smaller than 0.125 mm. (3) During the process of vegetation restoration, the content of soil carbon components increased significantly, and the enhancement of soil carbon sequestration capacity increased soil organic carbon content, promoted the formation of soil aggregates, and also improved the stability of soil aggregates.