China pays high attention to biodiversity protection, and survey is the basis of biodiversity protection. Many biodiversity surveys were carried out by ministries, universities and scientific research institutions. However, surveys on the mosses and biodiversity related traditional knowledge were not pay enough attention in previous studies, and most of the surveys focused on rich biodiversity areas. With the rapid development of China's economy, great changes have taken place in the national land use pattern and ecological environment. Some of the existed survey data are inconsistent with the actual distribution, which is difficult to meet the needs of biodiversity protection and management. Therefore, it is urgent to organize and carry out the biodiversity survey and assessment at national level. On the basis of sorting out the history and existing biodiversity survey methods, the grid method is recommended to the national biodiversity survey. The country is divided into 97109 survey grids according to the resolution by 10 km×10 km. 12 technical guidelines for county biodiversity survey and assessment were formulated, including terrestrial higher plants, vegetation, terrestrial mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles, insects, macrofungi, inland fish, inland plankton, inland macrobenthic invertebrates, inland Periphytic algae and traditional knowledge related to biodiversity. A national biodiversity database and information management platform have been established, which realizes the dynamic update of survey data and information sharing. A biodiversity survey APP with 23 modules has been developed, and it ensures the data electronization and standardization. The quality control such as field survey methods, species classification system, species scientific name and basic geographic information format were required. The survey technical methods, including land ecosystem and species survey, key river aquatic organisms survey, key species survey and biodiversity related traditional knowledge survey from the technical system construction, survey content standardization and evaluation index system and technical requirements were discussed. Meanwhile, the index system of biodiversity assessment is also discussed from the current situation, threat and protection. The technical system has been applied in some biodiversity conservation priority areas, such as the south of Hengduan Mountain, Wuling Mountain, Taihang Mountain, Qinling Mountain and Xishuangbanna. Moreover, the technical system has also been used in Beijing, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubei provinces and Qilian Mountain, Wuyi Mountain and other regions. The grid method has been applied and a large number of basic biodiversity data have been obtained, which provides the basic data and technical support for China's biodiversity conservation and sustainable use and the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity.