With the intensification of climate change and human activities, the change and conservation strategy of biodiversity is increasingly paid more attention. Considering as important pollination vectors of flowering plants and a key ecological indicator for monitoring and evaluating environmental conditions, the changes in butterfly diversity could significantly reflect habitat status to a certain extent. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly understand alterations in butterfly diversity between different habitat types. To clarify butterfly species and differences in butterfly diversity between different habitat types in Songnen Plain, this study was conducted to investigate and sample butterflies in five habitat types, including mown grassland, wetland, farmland, grazed grassland and restored grassland using transect method from May 2016 to August 2018 in Songnen Plain. Results showed that a total of 5108 butterfly individuals were recorded, belonging to 26 species of 21 genera and 6 families, of which Coenonympha amaryllis and Plebejus argyrognomon were the dominant species. They accounted for 25.61% and 31.66% of the total number of butterflies, respectively, and were distributed in all five habitat types. The species richness index and evenness index of butterfly communities among the five habitat types were not significantly different, but Shannon-Wiener index in the restored grassland habitat was higher than that of the other four habitat types, and the dominance index was lower. There were fewer butterfly individuals in the farmland habitat, and significant differences in butterfly community composition between farmland and the other four habitat types also were found. From the perspective of quantitative properties with time, there were annual and monthly dynamic changes in butterfly abundance and species richness in the five habitat types. The results found that species richness and abundance of butterfly in the three grassland types, including mown grassland, grazed grassland, and restored grassland increased from May to August, except wetland habitat and farmland habitat. In 2018, butterfly species richness and abundance in mown grassland, wetland, and grazed and restored grasslands decreased, compared to 2016 and 2017. Significant differences in the monthly and annual dynamics of species richness and diversity index of butterfly community among five habitat types were detected in Songnen Plain. These results suggest that change in butterfly diversity is closely related with habitat types and human activity, with lower butterfly diversity in simple habitat, and it is favor for conservation in butterfly diversity in complex habitat. The finding from this study is helpful to clarify essential data of butterflies in Songnen Plain, and provides theoretical support for conservation and utilization of butterfly diversity, and assessment of ecological environment in this area.