As a means of artificial sand fixation for vegetation restoration and protection for oases and road safety, sand barrier can effectively prevent the movement of sand dunes, strongly affect the distribution and diversity of ground arthropods by altering abiotic and biotic environment on the surface of the dunes. Moreover, sand barrier also impacted on the trophic structure and ecological function of ground arthropods by changing the surface eco-hydrological process of active sandy dune regions. Therefore, we select the middle sand strip as the object of study in Linze County in the middle reaches of Heihe River Basin and systematically researched on the distribution and diversity of ground arthropods using pitfall trapping in the biological sand barrier, physical sand barrier and active sandy dune regions. The key results are as follows. Sand barrier strongly affected the assemblage of ground arthropod community. The activity density, species richness and diversity index of ground arthropods in the biological sand barrier and physical sand barrier regions were significantly higher than those in active sandy dune regions apparently. Comparing with the phytophagous arthropods, the predatory arthropods and other arthropods response was more sensitive to sand barrier construction. Sand barrier also changed the distribution pattern of ground arthropods in the upper, middle and bottom of sandy dune. The activity density of ground arthropods in biological sand barrier and physical sand barrier regions increased from the top to the bottom of the sandy dune gradually. Conversely, it distributed in the middle and bottom of sandy dune in the active sandy dune regions which was related to the quantity changes of ground-dwelling arthropods species that preferred to move in the active sandy dune regions. More Mantichorula semenowi and Anatolica mucronate were collected at the middle of bottom of sandy dune in the active sandy dune regions, and those beetles were collected at the up of sandy dune in the biological sand barrier and physical sand barrier regions. Besides, it was also found that the influences on ground arthropod assemblage of biological sand barrier and physical sand barrier were different. The activity density of ground arthropods in the biological sand barrier regions was higher than physical sand barrier regions. A similar pattern was observed on the activity density of predatory arthropods and other arthropods like Tentyria sp. In conclusion, sand barrier presence and its types strongly affected on the diversity and trophic structure of ground arthropods community. It significantly improved the number of individuals and diversity of ground arthropods by bottom-up effect of resource and changes of the soil physical environment, accelerating the process of soil ecosystem structure and functional change in the desert ecosystem.