Distribution of the functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrates and their response to environmental factors play an important role in river ecosystem health. Thus, the influence of spatiotemporal changes of river habitat on these factors should be assessed. The composition and spatiotemporal distribution of functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrates were analyzed based on the data of macroinvertebrates and the associated environmental factors in Qiaobian River in August 2020, January 2021, and April 2021. A total of 38 species of macroinvertebrates were collected, including 23 species of Arthropoda, 13 species of Mollusca, and 2 species of Annelida. The functional feeding group of macroinvertebrates in Qiaobian River was dominated by filter-collectors, followed by scrapers, predators, shredders, and gather-collectors. The dominant species of filter-collector were Corbicula nitens and Corbicula fluminea. The dominant species of scrapers were Semisulcospira cancellata, Bellamya aeruginosa, and Radix ovata. The dominant species of predators was Calopterygidae. The dominant species of shredders was Exopalaemon modestus. The dominant species of gather-collectors was Chironomus flaviplumus. Redundancy analysis indicated that dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, water depth, pH, temperature, and nitrate nitrogen were the main environmental factors affecting the functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrates in Qiaobian River. The present study of functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrates and the factors influencing their spatiotemporal distribution can provide reference for the restoration of river ecosystems.