Soil harbors a huge microbial biodiversity, which plays a key role in organic matter decomposition, element biogeochemical cycles, plant productivity and biological health. Understanding the geographical distribution and the community formation and assembly rules of soil microorganisms is helpful to predict the function evolution of soil microbiome and its regulatory impact on the terrestrial ecosystem under global change scenarios. Since the 21st century, the integrated approaches of molecular biology techniques in coupling with big data analysis have been applied and various large-scale international microbial projects have been launched to promote the research of microbial biogeography. In this review, firstly we evaluate the recent development of soil microbial biogeography and the current understanding of community assembly rules. We then introduce the approaches of molecular biology techniques coupling with big data analysis. Finally, the future development of soil microbial biogeography with a specific emphasis on classification resolution, model constructions-and-validations and gene biogeography were prospected.