The wetlands around the Bohai Sea are an important stop-over area for migration of the waterbirds along the East Asia-Australasia Flyway, especially for the waders. Twelve typical coastal wetland sites around the Bohai Sea area were selected to survey the waterbirds in spring from 2016 to 2020. The data was collected about the wader waterfowl community composition and changes through time and space. The structural equation model was used to analyze the response relationships between the diversity of waders and the environmental factors, and to evaluate the impact intensity of each environmental factor. The results showed that: (1) a total of 51 species of 7 families of waders have been recorded, almost all of which were migrants. These included 1 critically endangered species, 3 endangered species, and 9 near threatened species at the global level. There were 2 species of the national first-level protected birds and 8 national second-level protected birds. Dunlin (Calidris alpine), Great knot (Calidris tenuirostris), Black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa), Grey plover (Pluvialis squatarola), and Bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica) had the largest number of individuals. (2) Estuary wetlands such as the Yellow River Delta in Shandong, Liaohe Estuary in Liaoning, and Beidagang in Tianjin had a large number of waterfowl species but a small number of waterfowl per unit area. (3) The coastal areas of Cangzhou, Hebei, the shell dike island of Binzhou, Shandong and its surrounding areas are wetland concentrated areas in the Bohai Rim area, where there are many species of waterbirds. (4) The comprehensive impact intensity was protection intensity > food > climate. The establishment of nature reserves is the most effective measure to protect the diversity of waterbirds. (5) It is recommended to upgrade the Hebei Nandagang Wetland and Bird Provincial Nature Reserve to the national level, expand the area of Binzhou Shell Beach Island and Wetland National Nature Reserve, and protect the various types of nature at all levels covering the Yellow River Delta in Shandong and the mouth of the Liao River in Liaoning. With the optimized integration, the research results can provide a relevant basis for the formulation of protection strategies for waders in the Bohai Rim.