Exploring the relationship between vegetation coverage change and geographical factors on the Loess Plateau is conducive to the optimization of regional vegetation restoration policies and the coordinated development of man-land relations. Therefore, based on MOD13A1 data, using trend analysis, standard deviation and gravity migration model, the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of FVC (Fractional Vegetation Cover) in Loess Plateau from 2001 to 2019 were studied, and the geographical factors affecting FVC were analyzed with GeoDetector and correlation analysis. The results show that: (1) the vegetation coverage recovery of the Loess Plateau was good from 2001 to 2019, and the average growth rate of FVC was 0.0095/a, with a high distribution rate in southeast and low distribution rate in northwest, and the area proportion of extremely significant and significantly increased was 84.37%. The center of gravity of FVC in the study area each year was located in northern Shaanxi, and it advanced 55.1km northward in 19 years. (2) There were significant differences in the explanatory power of each geographical factor on FVC. Precipitation, soil type, air temperature, land use type and slope were the main driving factors of FVC spatial distribution, and the explanatory power of interaction among the factors was higher than that of the single factor. (3) The correlation coefficient of FVC with temperature and precipitation was mainly positive, and the mean value and trend of FVC were characterized by terrain, soil, population density and land use differentiation. Land use transfer can reflect the characteristics of human activities, and its positive effects, such as returning farmland to forest and grassland, greening unused land and so on, can significantly improve regional vegetation, while the negative effects, such as urban expansion, can inhibit vegetation growth.